Oman 1996 (rev. 2011)

CHAPTER ONE The State and the System of Governance

National capital

Article 1

The Sultanate of Oman is an Arab, Islamic, Independent State with full sovereignty and Muscat is its Capital.

Official religion

Article 2

The religion of the State is Islam and Islamic Sharia is the basis for legislation.

Official or national languages

Article 3

The official language of the State is the Arabic language.

National anthem, National flag

Article 4

The Law determines the Flag, Emblem, Insignia and National Anthem of the State.

Head of state term length, Type of government envisioned, Eligibility for head of state

Article 5

The system of governance is Sultani, hereditary in the male descendants of Sayyid Turki bin Said bin Sultan, provided that whomever is to be chosen from amongst them as successor shall be a Muslim, mature, rational and the legitimate son of Omani Muslim parents.

Head of state replacement

Article 6

The Royal Family Council shall, within three days of the throne falling vacant, determine the successor to the throne.

If the Royal Family Council does not agree on a choice of a Sultan for the Country, the Defence Council together with the Chairman of Majlis Al Dawla, the Chairman of Majlis Al Shura, and the Chairman of the Supreme Court along with two of his most senior deputies, shall instate the person designated by His Majesty the Sultan in his letter to the Royal Family Council.

God or other deities, Oaths to abide by constitution, Duty to obey the constitution

Article 7

The Sultan, before exercising his powers, shall, in a joint session of Majlis Oman and the Defence Council, take the following oath:

"I swear by Allah the Almighty to honour the Basic Statute of the State and the Laws and to fully safeguard the interests of the Citizens and their freedom and to preserve the independence of the Country and its territorial integrity".

Article 8

The Government shall continue to perform its functions as usual until the Sultan is chosen and exercises his authority.

Article 9

The Governance in the Sultanate shall be based upon justice, Shura and equality. The Citizens, pursuant to this Basic Statute and the conditions and provisions prescribed by the Law, shall have the right to participate in public affairs.

CHAPTER TWO. The Principles Guiding the Policy of the State

Article 10

The Political Principles:

  • Preserving the independence and sovereignty of the State and safeguarding its entity, security, stability and defending it against all aggression.
    International law, Customary international law

    Reinforcing ties of cooperation and reaffirming friendly relations with all states and nations on the basis of mutual respect, common interest, non-interference in the internal affairs and adherence to the international and regional charters and treaties and the generally recognized principles of international law conducive to the advancement of peace and security among states and nations.

    Laying suitable foundations for consolidating the pillars of genuine Shura emanating from the heritage of the Nation, its values and Islamic Sharia, taking pride in its history and adopting the useful contemporary means and instruments.

    Establishing a sound administrative system that guarantees justice, tranquillity and equality for the Citizens and ensures respect for the public order and the preservation of the supreme interests of the State.

Article 11

The Economic Principles

  • Right to reasonable standard of living, Right to competitive marketplace
    The national economy is based on justice and the principles of free economy. Its essence is the constructive and fruitful cooperation between public and private activity. Its objective is the achievement of economic and social development in order to increase production and raise the standard of living of the Citizens according to the general plan of the State and within the limits of the Law.

    Freedom of economic activity is guaranteed within the limits of the Law, the public interest, and in a manner that ensures the integrity of the national economy. The State encourages savings and supervises the regulation of credit.

    Ownership of natural resources

    All natural wealth and resources thereof are the property of the State, which shall preserve and utilise them in the best manner taking into consideration the requirements of the security of the State and the interests of the national economy. No concession or investment of any public resource of the Country shall be granted except by virtue of a law, for a limited period of time, and in a manner that preserves national interests.

    Public property is inviolable, the State shall protect it, and Citizens and residents shall preserve it.

    Right to own property, Right to transfer property, Protection from expropriation

    Private ownership is safeguarded and no one shall be prevented from disposing of his property except within the limits of the Law. No property shall be expropriated except for the public interest in cases stipulated by the Law and in the manner specified therein, provided that the person dispossessed shall be fairly compensated. Inheritance is a right governed by Islamic Sharia.

    Protection from expropriation

    General confiscation of property is prohibited. The penalty of specific confiscation shall only be imposed by virtue of a judicial decision and in such circumstances as prescribed in the Law.

    Taxes and general charges are based on justice and the development of the national economy.

    Imposition, amendment, and abolition of public taxes, shall only be by virtue of a law and no one is exempted from paying all taxes or part thereof except in the circumstances prescribed in the Law. It is not permissible to introduce a new tax, fee or any right of any type whatsoever with retrospective effect.

Article 12

The Social Principles

  • Justice, equality, and equal opportunities between Omanis are pillars of the Society guaranteed by the State.

    Collaboration and compassion are intimate bonds amongst the Citizens. The reinforcement of the national unity is a duty. The State shall prevent anything that might lead to division, discord or disruption of the national unity.

    The family is the basis of the society and the Law regulates the means for protecting it, preserving its legitimate entity, strengthening its ties and values, safeguarding its members and providing suitable conditions to develop their potential and capabilities.

    State support for the disabled, State support for the elderly, Reference to fraternity/solidarity

    The State guarantees aid for the Citizen and his family in cases of emergency, sickness, disability, and old age according to the social security scheme. The State shall work for the solidarity of the Society in bearing the burdens resulting from national disasters and catastrophes.

    Protection of environment, Right to health care

    The State is responsible for public health and the means of prevention and treatment of diseases and epidemics. The State endeavours to provide healthcare for every Citizen and encourages the establishment of private hospitals, polyclinics and medical institutions to be under its supervision and in accordance with regulations determined by the Law. The State also works for the conservation of the environment, its protection, and the prevention of pollution.

    Right to choose occupation, Right to just remuneration

    The State enacts laws for the protection of the employee and the employer and regulates the relationship between them. Every Citizen has the right to engage in the work of his choice within the limits of the Law. It is not permissible to impose any compulsory work on anyone except by virtue of a law, for rendering a public service, and for a fair remuneration.

    Public employment is a national service entrusted to those who carry it out. The State employees, while carrying out their work, shall pursue the public interest and service of the Society. Citizens are considered equal in taking up public employment in accordance with the provisions stipulated by the Law.

Right to culture

Article 13

The Cultural Principles

  • Education is a cornerstone for the progress of the Society which the State fosters and endeavours to disseminate and make accessible to all.

    Education aims to raise and develop the general cultural standard, promote scientific thought, kindle the spirit of research, respond to the requirements of economic and social plans, and build a generation that is physically and morally strong, which takes pride in its Nation, Country, and heritage and preserves its achievements.

    Free education

    The State shall provide public education, work to combat illiteracy, and encourage the establishment of private schools and institutes under its supervision in accordance with the provisions of the Law.

    Reference to science, Reference to art

    The State shall foster and preserve the national heritage, encourage the sciences, arts, literature, scientific research and assist in their dissemination.

Article 14

The Security Principles

  • Peace is the objective of the State, and the safety of the Nation is a duty incumbent on every Citizen. The Defence Council shall undertake the consideration of the matters related to preserving the safety of the Sultanate and the defence thereof.

    Only the State establishes the armed forces, public security authorities and any other forces. All these forces belong to the Nation and their mission is to protect the State, ensure the safety of its territories, and guarantee the security and tranquillity of the Citizens. It is not permissible for any authority or group to establish military or paramilitary formations. The Law shall regulate the military service, general or partial mobilization, and the rights, duties, and rules of discipline of the armed forces, public security authorities, and any other forces the State decides to establish.

CHAPTER THREE. The Public Rights and Duties

Conditions for revoking citizenship, Requirements for birthright citizenship

Article 15

Nationality is regulated by the Law and it is not permissible to denaturalise or revoke it except within the limits of the Law.

Article 16

It is not permissible to deport, exile, or prevent Citizens from returning to the Sultanate.

Equality regardless of social status, Equality regardless of origin, Equality regardless of skin color, Equality regardless of language, Equality regardless of religion, General guarantee of equality, Equality regardless of gender

Article 17

All Citizens are equal before the Law and share the same public rights and duties. There shall be no discrimination amongst them on the ground of gender, origin, colour, language, religion, sect, domicile, or social status.

Freedom of movement, Regulation of evidence collection

Article 18

Personal freedom is guaranteed according to the Law, and it is not permissible to arrest a person, search, detain, imprison, subject to residence detention, or restrict his freedom of residency or movement except in accordance with the provisions of the Law.

Article 19

It is not permissible to detain or imprison in places other than those designated for such purpose under the laws of prisons, where health and social care are provided.

Prohibition of torture, Regulation of evidence collection

Article 20

No person shall be subjected to physical or psychological torture, inducement or demeaning treatment. The Law stipulates punishment of whomever commits such acts. Any statement or confession proven to have been obtained under torture, inducement, demeaning treatment, or the threat of any of these acts, shall be deemed void.

Principle of no punishment without law, Protection from ex post facto laws

Article 21

There shall be no crime except by virtue of a Law. There shall be no punishment, except for acts subsequent to the entry into force of the Law wherein such acts are stated. Punishment shall be personal.

Presumption of innocence in trials

Article 22

The accused is innocent until proven guilty in a legal trial in which the essential guarantees to exercise his right of defence in accordance with the Law are guaranteed. It is not permissible to harm an accused either bodily or mentally.

Right to counsel

Article 23

The accused has the right to appoint a person capable of undertaking his defence during the trial. The Law shall define the circumstances where the presence of a lawyer on behalf of the accused is required, and shall ensure, for those who are financially unable, the means to seek judicial redress and defend their rights.

Protection from unjustified restraint

Article 24

Any person who is arrested or detained shall immediately be informed of the reasons for his arrest or detention. He has the right to contact whomever he wants to inform him of what has taken place or to get his assistance in the manner regulated by the Law, and he shall be promptly informed of the charges against him. He or his representative shall have the right to petition the court against the action restricting his personal freedom. The Law shall regulate the right of petition in a manner which ensures that the disposal of the petition will be within a specified period, failing which he must be released.

Right to speedy trial

Article 25

Litigation is a protected right and it is guaranteed to all people. The Law shall prescribe the procedures and conditions necessary to exercise this right, and the State shall guarantee, as far as possible, the approximation of judicial authorities to litigants and the prompt settlement of cases.

Article 26

It is not permissible to conduct any medical or scientific experiment on any human being without his free consent.

Inalienable rights, Right to privacy

Article 27

Residences are inviolable. It is not permissible to enter them without the permission of their residents, except in the cases specified by the Law and in the manner stipulated therein.

Freedom of religion

Article 28

The freedom to practice religious rites according to recognised customs is protected, provided it does not violate the public order or contradict morals.

Freedom of opinion/thought/conscience, Freedom of expression

Article 29

The freedom of opinion and expression thereof through speech, writing and other means of expression is guaranteed within the limits of the Law.

Telecommunications

Article 30

The freedom of correspondence by post, telegraph, telephone conversations, and other means of communication is protected and its confidentiality is guaranteed. It is not permissible to monitor, search, disclose the confidentiality of, delay, or confiscate the same, except in cases specified by the Law and in accordance with the procedures stated therein.

Freedom of expression, Freedom of press, Human dignity

Article 31

The freedom of the press, printing, and publishing is guaranteed according to the terms and conditions prescribed by the Law. Anything that leads to discord, affects the security of State, or prejudices human dignity or rights, is prohibited.

Freedom of assembly

Article 32

The Citizens have the right to assemble within the limits of the Law.

Freedom of association

Article 33

The freedom of forming societies on national basis, for legitimate objectives, by peaceful means, and in a manner that does not conflict with the provisions and objectives of this Basic Statute, is guaranteed in accordance with the terms and conditions prescribed by the Law. It is prohibited to form societies the activity of which is adverse to the order of society, secretive, or of a military nature. It is not permissible to force anyone to join any society.

Right of petition

Article 34

The Citizens have the right to address public authorities on personal matters or matters in connection with public affairs, in the manner and conditions specified by the Law.

Article 35

Every foreigner who is legally present in the Sultanate shall enjoy protection for himself and his property in accordance with the Law. He shall observe the values of the Society and respect the traditions and sentiments thereof.

Extradition procedure

Article 36

The extradition of political refugees is prohibited. Laws and international treaties shall determine the rules for the extradition of criminals.

Duty to serve in the military

Article 37

Defending the Nation is a sacred duty, and coming forward to serve the armed forces is an honour for the Citizens regulated by the Law.

Article 38

Preserving the national unity and safeguarding the secrets of the State is a duty incumbent upon every Citizen.

Duty to pay taxes

Article 39

Paying taxes and public dues is a duty according to the Law.

Article 40

Respecting the Basic Statute of the State, the Laws and orders issued by the public authorities in their implementation thereof, observing public order, and respecting public morals is a duty incumbent upon all residents of the Sultanate.

CHAPTER FOUR. The Head of State

Designation of commander in chief, Name/structure of executive(s), Head of state immunity

Article 41

His Majesty the Sultan is the Head of State and the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, his person is inviolable, respect of him is a duty, and his command is obeyed. He is the symbol of national unity and the guardian of the preservation and the protection thereof.

Head of state powers

Article 42

His Majesty the Sultan discharges the following functions:

  • Preserving the independence of the Country and its territorial integrity, protecting its internal and external security, safeguarding the rights and freedoms of the Citizens, ensuring the rule of law, and directing the general policy of the State.

    Taking prompt measures to counter any danger threatening the safety of the Sultanate, its territorial integrity, or the security and the interests of its people, or hindering the institutions of the State from performing their functions.

    Foreign affairs representative

    Representing the State internally and towards other states in all international relations.

    Establishment of cabinet/ministers

    Presiding over the Council of Ministers or appointing a person to preside.

    Establishment of cabinet/ministers

    Presiding over the Specialized Councils or appointing a person to preside.

    Establishing and regulating the units of the administrative apparatus of the State and the abolishment thereof.

    Deputy executive, Cabinet selection

    Appointing Deputies to the Prime Minister, Ministers, and their equivalents and relieving them of their office.

    Appointing Undersecretaries of ministries, Secretaries-General, and their equivalents and relieving them of their office.

    Ordinary court selection, Supreme/ordinary court judge removal

    Appointing senior judges and relieving them of their office.

    Power to declare/approve war, Emergency provisions, Head of state decree power

    Declaring state of emergency, general mobilisations, war, and concluding peace. The Law specifies the rules thereof.

    Approval or veto of general legislation

    Promulgating and ratifying Laws.

    Treaty ratification, Head of state decree power, Legal status of treaties

    Signing international conventions and treaties according to the provisions of the Law or authorising their signature and promulgating Decrees ratifying the same.

    Foreign affairs representative, International organizations

    Appointing political representatives to other states and international organisations and relieving them of their office according to the limits and conditions prescribed by the Law, as well as accepting the credentials of representatives of other states and international organisations.

    Power to pardon

    Pardoning or commuting any penalty.

    Selection of active-duty commanders

    Conferring orders of honour and military ranks.

Advisory bodies to the head of state

Article 43

His Majesty the Sultan shall be assisted in formulating and implementing the general policy of the State by a council of ministers and specialised councils.

Powers of cabinet

Article 44

The Council of Ministers is the authority entrusted with the implementation of the general policies of the State and in particular undertakes the following:

  • Submitting recommendations to His Majesty the Sultan in economic, political, social, executive, and administrative matters of concern to the Government including proposing draft laws and decrees.

    Protecting the interests of the Citizens and ensuring the availability of the necessary services to them, and enhancing their economic, social, health, and cultural standards.

    Determining the objectives and the general policies for economic, social, and administrative development and proposing the necessary means and measures for their implementation which ensure the best utilisation of the financial, economic and human resources.

    Discussing development plans prepared by competent authorities after presenting them to Majlis Oman, submitting these plans to His Majesty the Sultan for approval, and following up their implementation.

    Discussing proposals of ministries relevant to the implementation of their respective competencies and taking appropriate recommendations and decisions in this regard.

    Supervising the functioning of the administrative apparatus of the State, following up the performance of its duties and coordinating among its units.

    Supervising generally the implementation of the Laws, decrees, regulations, decisions, treaties, agreements and judgements of the courts in a manner that ensures adherence thereto.

    Discharging any other competence delegated by His Majesty the Sultan or vested by the provisions of the Law.

Name/structure of executive(s)

Article 45

The Prime Minister shall preside over the meetings of the Council of Ministers and may entrust one of his Deputies to conduct the meetings which he does not attend. If the Prime Minister and his Deputies are absent His Majesty the Sultan shall authorise whom His Majesty sees appropriate to conduct the meetings.

Article 46

The meetings of the Council of Ministers shall be made valid by the presence of the majority of its members. Its deliberations shall be confidential and its decisions shall be taken by the majority of the members present.

Article 47

The Council of Ministers shall set its internal regulations, including the rules for performing the duties therein, and shall have a Secretariat General provided with a sufficient number of staff to assist it in performing its duties.

Head of state decree power, Head of government powers, Head of government selection

Article 48

If His Majesty the Sultan appoints a Prime Minister, his competences and powers shall be determined in the Decree appointing him.

Deputy executive, Eligibility for cabinet

Article 49

Any appointed Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister, or Minister shall be:

  1. Of Omani nationality by origin in accordance with the Law.
  2. Minimum age of head of government
    Aged not less than thirty years of the Gregorian calendar.
Oaths to abide by constitution

Article 50

Before assuming their powers, the Prime Minister, his Deputies, and the Ministers shall take the following oath before His Majesty the Sultan:

"I swear by Allah the Almighty to be faithful to my Sultan and my Country, to honour the Basic Statute of the State and the applicable Laws of the State, to fully protect its entity and territorial integrity, to fully safeguard its interests and those of its Citizens and to perform my duties faithfully and honestly".

Duty to obey the constitution

Article 51

The Deputies to the Prime Minister and the Ministers shall supervise the affairs of their units, implement the general policy of the Government therein, draw the guidelines of the unit and follow up the implementation thereof.

Cabinet removal

Article 52

Members of the Council of Ministers are politically collectively responsible before His Majesty the Sultan for the implementation of the general policy of the State. Each of them is individually accountable to His Majesty the Sultan for the manner in which he performs his duties and exercises his authority in his respective Ministry or unit.

Article 53

Members of the Council of Ministers shall not combine their ministerial office with chairmanship of or membership to a board of directors of any public joint-stock company. The Government units which they are in charge of or supervise shall not deal with any company or establishment in which they have a direct or indirect interest. They shall always, by their conduct, pursue the interests of the Country and work in furtherance of the public benefit. They shall not exploit their official positions in any manner whatsoever whether for their own benefit or for the benefit of those with whom they have a special relation.

Article 54

Emoluments of the Deputies of the Prime Minister and the Ministers during their term of office and after their retirement shall be determined by the orders of His Majesty the Sultan.

Article 55

The provisions of Articles (49), (50), (51), (52), (53), and (54) shall apply to all those of a rank of Minister.

Head of state decree power

Article 56

The Specialised Councils shall be established, their powers specified, and their members appointed by virtue of Royal Decrees. The said Councils shall be associated with the Council of Ministers unless their establishing Decrees state otherwise.

Article 57

The Law shall prescribe the provisions concerning the following matters and the authorities responsible thereof:

  • Collecting taxes, fees, and other public monies and the procedures for their disbursement.

    Maintaining and managing the property of the State, the conditions for its disposal and the limits within which part of these properties can be assigned.

    The General Budget of the State and the Final Account.

    The autonomous and supplementary general budgets and their final accounts.

    The financial auditing of the State.

    Loans extended or obtained by the State.

    Currency, banks, standards, measures, and weights.

    Affairs of salaries, pensions, compensation, subsidies, and rewards charged to the Treasury of the State.

CHAPTER FIVE. Majlis Oman

Article 58

Majlis Oman shall consist of:

  1. Majlis Al Dawla.
  2. Majlis Al Shura
Leader of second chamber, Second chamber selection, Structure of legislative chamber(s)

Article 58bis

Majlis Al Dawla shall consist of a chairman and members whose number, inclusive of the Chairman, shall not exceed the total number of members of Majlis Al Shura, and whom shall be appointed by virtue of a Royal Decree.

Second chamber selection

Article 58bis 1

Members of Majlis Al Dawla shall be selected from the following categories:

  • Former Ministers, Undersecretaries of the ministries, and their equivalents.

    Former ambassadors.

    Former senior judges.

    Retired senior officers.

    Reference to science, Reference to art

    Those who are known for their competence and experience in the fields of science, arts, and culture, and professors of universities, colleges, and higher institutes.

    Dignitaries and businessmen.

    Persons who had performed great services to the Nation.

    Whomever His Majesty the Sultan chooses and who does not fall under the previous categories.

Eligibility for second chamber

Article 58bis 2

Without prejudice to Article 58 (bis1), whomever is chosen as a member of Majlis Al Dawla shall be:

  • An Omani national.
    Minimum age for second chamber

    Aged not less than forty years of the Gregorian calendar on the date of appointment.

    Never sentenced to a felony or crime involving moral turpitude or trust, even if he was rehabilitated.

    Restrictions on the armed forces

    Not affiliated to a security or military authority.

    Not interdicted by a judicial judgment.

    Not suffering from a mental illness.

Term length of second chamber

Article 58bis 3

The term of Majlis Al Dawla shall be four years of the Gregorian calendar commencing from the date of its first meeting, provided that in all cases it shall not be less than the term of Majlis Al Shura.

Article 58bis 4

Majlis Al Dawla shall, at its first session, elect from amongst its members, and for a duration identical to its term, two deputies for the Chairman. If the seat of either of them falls vacant, the Majlis shall elect another member to replace him until the end of its term. In all cases, the election shall be made by direct secret vote and the absolute majority of the members of the Majlis.

Removal of individual legislators

Article 58bis 5

The membership to Majlis Al Dawla shall expire due to one of the following reasons:

  • Expiry of the term of the Majlis.

    Relief from membership.

    Death or total disability.

Removal of individual legislators

Article 58bis 6

A member of Majlis Al Dawla may request to be relieved from his membership to the Majlis through an appeal to the Chairman of the Majlis. The Chairman in turn shall raise this appeal to His Majesty the Sultan.

In all cases, a member of Majlis Al Dawla shall be relieved if he no longer fulfils any one of the conditions of membership upon which he was appointed, has lost confidence or esteem, or has violated the duties of membership.

Outside professions of legislators

Article 58bis 7

It is not permissible, except for the two categories stipulated in the fifth and eighth Clauses of Article (58)(bis 1), to combine both the membership to Majlis Al Dawla and undertaking an employment in the public sector.

First chamber selection, Structure of legislative chamber(s)

Article 58bis 8

Majlis Al Shura shall consist of elected members representing all the Wilayat of the Sultanate.

The number of members of Majlis Al Shura shall be determined so that each Wilayat shall be represented by one member if that Wilayat has a population not exceeding thirty thousand on the commencement date of candidature, or two members if the Wilayat population exceeds that limit on the same date.

Secret ballot, Scheduling of elections, First chamber selection

Article 58bis 9

The election of the members of Majlis Al Shura shall be conducted through a direct secret vote in accordance with the manner specified in the Election Law.

Eligibility for first chamber

Article 58bis 10

A candidate of Majlis Al Shura shall be:

  • An Omani national by origin.
    Minimum age for first chamber

    Aged not less than thirty years of the Gregorian calendar on the commencement date of candidature.

    With a level of education that is not less than the General Education Diploma.

    Never sentenced to a felony or crime involving moral turpitude or trust, even if he was rehabilitated.

    Enrolled in the election register.

    Not affiliated to a security or military authority.

    Not interdicted by a judicial judgment.

    Not suffering from a mental illness.

It is permissible for whoever completes his membership term to run again as a candidate to Majlis Al Shura.

Term length for first chamber, Extraordinary legislative sessions, Head of state decree power

Article 58bis 11

The term of Majlis Al Shura shall be four years of the Gregorian calendar commencing from the date of its first meeting. The elections for the new Majlis shall take place during the last ninety days prior to the end of the current term. If the elections are not held at the end of the term of the Majlis or have been delayed for whatever reason, the Majlis shall continue until a new Majlis is elected. The term of the Majlis shall not be extended unless there is a necessity and pursuant to a Royal Decree provided that the extension shall not exceed the period of one session.

Extraordinary legislative sessions, Leader of first chamber

Article 58bis 12

Majlis Al Shura shall convene upon an invitation by His Majesty the Sultan in an extraordinary meeting, prior to the first session, for the purpose of electing its Chairman and two Deputies to the Chairman for a duration identical to its term. The member oldest in age shall chair this meeting. If the seat of any of them falls vacant, the Majlis shall elect a replacement until the end of its term. In all cases, the election shall be by direct secret vote and the absolute majority of the members of the Majlis.

Replacement of legislators

Article 58bis 13

If the seat of any member of Majlis Al Shura falls vacant prior to the expiry of its term, the seat shall be occupied by one of the candidates from the same Wilayat in accordance with their sequence in the election results for the Majlis for that same term so that the candidate with the most votes acquired shall be put forward, and that is within a period of sixty days from the date of informing the Majlis of the vacancy of the seat. The term of the new member shall be in continuation of the term of his predecessor. This seat shall not be occupied if it falls vacant within the six months preceding the date of expiry of the term of the Majlis.

Article 58bis 14

The supervision of the elections of Majlis Al Shura and the disposal of electoral challenges shall be undertaken by a supreme committee that enjoys independence and neutrality, and chaired by one of the deputy presidents of the Supreme Court. The Law shall prescribe the manner of its formation, its competences, and the regulations for its functions.

Removal of individual legislators

Article 58bis 15

The membership to Majlis Al Shura shall expire for any one of the following reasons:

  • Expiry of the term of the Majlis.

    Resignation.

    Death or total disability.

    Revocation of membership.

    Dissolution of the Majlis.

Article 58bis 16

The resignation from the membership of Majlis Al Shura shall be submitted in writing to the Chairman to present it to the Majlis to decide its acceptance or rejection. The internal regulations of the Majlis shall regulate the provisions relating to this matter.

Removal of individual legislators

Article 58bis 17

The membership of a member to Majlis Al Shura shall not be revoked unless the member loses one of the conditions on which he had been elected, violates his membership duties, or loses confidence or esteem. The membership shall be revoked by a resolution from the Majlis by the majority of two thirds of its members.

Outside professions of legislators

Article 58bis 18

It shall not be permissible to combine both the membership to the Majlis and employment in the public sector. In case a public employee is elected to the membership of the Majlis, his service shall be considered terminated from the date of the announcement of the results, and in case of a challenge to his membership he shall retain his employment without remuneration until a final decision is issued on the challenge. If the decision is made to invalidate his membership and annul the decision of his win, he shall return to his employment and his remuneration shall be paid to him from the date of his return to work. If the challenge is rejected, his service shall be terminated from the date of the announcement of the results, and he shall be granted an extraordinary pension specified by the Law on the condition that he has accumulated on that date a term of service for pension that is not less than ten years of the Gregorian calendar.

Dismissal of the legislature

Article 58bis 19

His Majesty the Sultan, in circumstances His Majesty determines, may dissolve Majlis Al

Shura and call for a new election within four months from the date of dissolution.

Oaths to abide by constitution

Article 58bis 20

The members of Majlis Al Dawla and Majlis Al Shura shall swear in a public meeting, each before his respective Majlis, and prior to assuming his duties in the Majlis, the following oath:

"I swear by Allah the Almighty to be faithful to my Sultan and my Country, to honour the Basic Statute of the State and the applicable Laws, to preserve the safety of the State, the fundamental constituents of the Omani Society and its inherent values, and to perform my duties in the Majlis and its Committees faithfully and honestly."

The Chairman of Majlis Al Dawla shall swear, prior to assuming his duties in the Majlis, the oath specified in the previous paragraph before His Majesty the Sultan.

Article 58bis 21

The Chairman of Majlis Al Dawla and the Chairman of Majlis Al Shura, their deputies, and every member of the two Majlis shall pursue in the performance of their duties the interest of the Nation in accordance with the Laws in force. They shall not exploit their membership in any manner for their own interest or for the interest of those related to them or with whom they have a special relationship. The Law shall determine the acts that they shall not undertake.

Immunity of legislators, Legislative committees

Article 58bis 22

A member of Majlis Al Dawla or Majlis Al Shura shall not be liable for opinions or statements he expresses before the Majlis or its Committees on issues that fall within the scope of the competences of the Majlis.

Immunity of legislators

Article 58bis 23

Except in the case of flagrante delicto, no punitive action shall be taken against a member of Majlis Al Dawla or Majlis Al Shura during the annual session except with the prior permission from the Majlis concerned. The permission shall be issued by the Chairman of the concerned Majlis when it is not in session.

Outside professions of legislators

Article 58bis 24

It is not permissible to combine memberships to both Majlis Al Dawla and Majlis Al Shura.

Legislative committees, Attendance by legislators

Article 58bis 25

Majlis Al Dawla and Majlis Al Shura shall each issue its respective internal regulations.

These regulations shall prescribe the procedures for performing the duties of the Majlis and its Committees, maintenance of order, principles of discussion and voting, the method of questioning in relation to Majlis Al Shura, and other prerogatives stipulated for the members and the penalties that may be imposed on a member in violation of the procedures for performing the duties in the Majlis or failure to attend the meetings of the Majlis or its Committees without an acceptable excuse.

Length of legislative sessions

Article 58bis 26

Majlis Oman shall have an ordinary session of not less than eight months per year, to be convened upon a summoning from His Majesty the Sultan during the month of November every year. It is not permissible for the session to go on recess prior to the approval of the annual budget of the State.

Article 58bis 27

As an exception to the provisions of Article (58) (bis 26) His Majesty the Sultan shall summon Majlis Oman for its first meeting following the general elections of Majlis Al Shura within a month from the date of the declaration of the results of that election.

Extraordinary legislative sessions

Article 58bis 28

His Majesty the Sultan may summon Majlis Oman, outside the regular session, to convene in circumstances which His Majesty determines.

Article 58bis 29

The summoning to Majlis Oman to convene in ordinary or extraordinary sessions and its adjournment shall be in accordance with an appropriate legal instrument.

Article 58bis 30

Majlis Al Dawla and Majlis Al Shura shall convene their sessions at their seats in the city of Muscat and His Majesty the Sultan may summon either to convene at any other location.

Public or private sessions

Article 58bis 31

The sessions of Majlis Al Dawla and Majlis Al Shura shall be public. Closed sessions may be convened in circumstances that so require by the agreement between the Council of Ministers and either of the two Majlis.

Quorum for legislative sessions

Article 58bis 32

The validity of a meeting of Majlis Al Dawla and Majlis Al Shura requires the presence of the majority of the members, including the Chairman or one of his Deputies. If the required number is not achieved, the meeting shall be postponed to the next meeting.

Article 58bis 33

The decisions of Majlis Al Dawla and Majlis Al Shura shall be adopted by the absolute majority of the present members except in circumstances that require a special majority. In the case of a tie vote, the side that includes the Chairman shall prevail.

Dismissal of the legislature

Article 58bis 34

If Majlis Al Shura is dissolved, Majlis Al Dawla sessions shall be suspended.

Division of labor between chambers, Initiation of general legislation, Approval or veto of general legislation

Article 58bis 35

Draft laws prepared by the Government shall be referred to Majlis Oman for approval or amendment, and then they shall be directly submitted to His Majesty the Sultan to be promulgated.

In case of any amendments by Majlis Oman on the draft law, His Majesty the Sultan may refer it back to the Majlis for reconsideration of the amendments and then resubmission to His Majesty the Sultan.

Article 58bis 36

Majlis Oman may propose draft laws and refer them to the

Government for review, and then the Government shall return the same to the Majlis. The procedures stipulated in Article (58)(bis 35) shall be followed in approving, amending or promulgating the said draft laws.

Initiation of general legislation, Joint meetings of legislative chambers

Article 58bis 37

The draft laws shall be referred by the Council of Ministers to Majlis Al Shura, which shall decide on the draft by approval or amendment within a maximum period of three months from the date of referral. The same shall then be referred to Majlis Al Dawla which shall decide on it by approval or amendment within a maximum period of forty five days from the date of referral. If the two Majlis disagree upon the draft law, they shall hold a joint meeting under the chairmanship of the Chairman of Majlis Al Dawla and by his invitation, to discuss the differences between the two Majlis, and then vote on the draft law in the same meeting. The decisions shall be adopted by absolute majority of the members present, and in all cases the Chairman of Majlis Al Dawla shall submit the draft to His Majesty the Sultan along with the opinion of the two Majlis.

Division of labor between chambers

Article 58bis 38

Draft laws of an urgent nature shall be referred by the Council of Ministers to Majlis Al Shura which shall make a decision for its approval or amendment within a maximum period of one month from the date of referral and then they shall refer the same to Majlis Al Dawla which shall make a decision for approval or amendment within a maximum period of fifteen days from the referral date. The Chairman of Majlis Al Dawla shall submit the same to His Majesty the Sultan along with the opinion of the two Majlis.

Head of state decree power

Article 58bis 39

His Majesty the Sultan may promulgate Royal Decrees that have the force of law between the sessions of Majlis Oman and while Majlis Al Shura is dissolved and the sessions of Majlis Al Dawla are suspended.

Budget bills

Article 58bis 40

Draft development plans and the Annual Budget of the State shall be referred by the Council of Ministers to Majlis Al Shura for discussion and to make recommendations thereon within a maximum period of one month from date of referral and then the same shall be referred to Majlis Al Dawla for discussion and recommendations within a maximum period of fifteen days from the date of referral. The Chairman of Majlis Al Dawla shall return the same along with the recommendations of the two Majlis to the Council of Ministers. The Council of Ministers shall inform the two Majlis of the recommendations that were not adopted in this respect along with the reasons therefore.

Economic plans, First chamber reserved policy areas

Article 58bis 41

The draft economic and social agreements that the Government intends to conclude or accede to shall be referred to Majlis Al Shura for consideration and to present the findings reached on the same to the Council of Ministers to take what it deems appropriate.

Article 58bis 42

The State Financial and Administrative Audit Institution shall send a copy of its annual report to Majlis Al Shura and Majlis Al Dawla.

Legislative oversight of the executive

Article 58bis 43

Upon a request signed by at least fifteen members of Majlis Al Shura, any of the Services Ministers may be subject to interpellation on matters related to them exceeding their competences in violation of the Law. The Majlis shall discuss the same and submit its findings in this regard to His Majesty the Sultan.

Legislative oversight of the executive

Article 58bis 44

The Services Ministers shall provide an annual report to Majlis Al Shura on the implementation stages of the projects related to their Ministries. The Majlis may invite any of them to provide a statement on some matters within the competences of his Ministry, and to discuss the same with him.

CHAPTER SIX. The Judiciary

Article 59

The rule of Law shall be the basis of governance in the State. The dignity of the judiciary, and the integrity and impartiality of the judges are a guarantee for the rights and freedoms.

Judicial independence

Article 60

The judiciary shall be independent, its authority shall be exercised by the courts in their different types and hierarchies, and their judgements shall be rendered in accordance with the Law.

Supreme/ordinary court judge removal

Article 61

There shall be no power over judges in their ruling except for the Law. They shall be irremovable except in circumstances specified by the Law. It is not permissible for any party to interfere in lawsuits or affairs of justice, and such interference shall be considered a crime punishable by Law. The Law shall determine the conditions to be satisfied by those who exercise judicial functions, the conditions and procedures for appointing, transferring and promoting judges, the guarantees accorded to them, the circumstances where they cannot be removed from office and all other provisions relevant to them.

Structure of the courts, Establishment of military courts

Article 62

The Law shall regulate the types and hierarchies of the courts and shall prescribe their functions and jurisdiction. The jurisdiction of the military courts shall be exclusively confined to military offences committed by members of the armed and security forces. Their jurisdiction shall not be extended to others except in the case of martial law and within the limits prescribed by the Law.

Right to public trial

Article 63

The hearings of the courts shall be in public, except when the court decides to hold them in camera in the interest of the public order or morals. In all circumstances, the pronouncement of judgement shall be in open hearing.

Attorney general

Article 64

The Public Prosecution shall conduct criminal proceedings on behalf of Society. It shall supervise the affairs of criminal investigation and ensure the implementation of criminal laws, prosecution of offenders, and enforcement of judgements. The Law shall organise the Public Prosecution, regulate its jurisdiction, and specify the conditions and guarantees for those who exercise its functions.

Public security authorities may by virtue of a law be exceptionally entrusted with conducting criminal proceedings in cases of misdemeanours and in accordance with the conditions prescribed by the Law.

Article 65

The Law shall regulate the legal profession.

Establishment of judicial council

Article 66

The judiciary shall have a Supreme Council which shall supervise the proper functioning of the courts and the auxiliary bodies, and the Law shall prescribe its authorities with regard to the service affairs of judges and Public Prosecution.

Article 67

The Law shall regulate the settlement of administrative disputes through a panel or a special court whose regulation and the manner of exercising its functions shall be prescribed by the Law.

Article 68

The Law shall regulate the procedure for the settlement of conflict of jurisdiction between judicial bodies and cases of conflict of judgements.

Article 69

The Law shall define the competences of the authority responsible for providing legal opinion to the Ministries and other Government units, drafting draft laws, regulations, and decisions, and reviewing the same.

The Law shall also prescribe the manner of representing the State and all public authorities and establishments before the courts.

Constitutionality of legislation, Constitutional interpretation

Article 70

The Law shall define the judicial body entrusted with the settlement of disputes pertaining to the extent of conformity of laws and regulations with the Basic Statute of the State and that the said laws and regulations do not contradict with its provisions. The

Law shall also specify the powers of such judicial body and the procedure which it shall follow.

Article 71

Judgements shall be rendered and enforced in the name of His Majesty the Sultan. Refusal or obstruction of the enforcement of these judgements by concerned public officials is a crime punishable by Law. The judgement beneficiary has the right in this case to file a criminal action directly to the competent court.

CHAPTER SEVEN. General Provisions

Article 72

The application of this Basic Statute shall not prejudice treaties and agreements the Sultanate has entered into with other countries, international institutions and organisations.

Article 73

No provision of this Basic Statute shall be suspended except during periods of martial law and within the limits prescribed by the Law.

Article 74

The Laws shall be published in the Official Gazette within two weeks from the day of their issuance. They shall come into force on the date of their publication, unless another date is stated therein.

Article 75

The provisions of the Laws shall only apply to events occurring from the date of the Laws coming into force. They shall have no effect on events prior to that date unless, otherwise stipulated therein. This exception shall not include penal, taxation and financial dues laws.

Legal status of treaties

Article 76

Treaties and agreements shall not have the force of Law except after their ratification. In no case shall treaties and agreements have secret terms contradicting their declared ones.

Article 77

Whatever is stipulated by applicable laws, regulations, decrees, orders and decisions in force at the time when this Basic Statute comes into effect, shall remain in force provided that they are not in conflict with any of its provisions.

Article 78

The competent authorities shall take steps for issuance of laws necessitated by this Basic Statute within two years from the date of its coming into force.

Article 79

Laws and procedures which have the force of law shall conform to the provisions of the Basic Statute of the State.

Treaty ratification

Article 80

No authority in the State shall issue regulations, by-laws, decisions, or directives that contradict the provisions of the Laws and decrees in force, or international treaties and agreements which are part of the Law of the Country.

Constitution amendment procedure

Article 81

This Statute shall not be amended except in the manner in which it was promulgated.